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古代的爵位制度-明朝两种爵位制度 - 全文

来源:名资汇网 caiji007 2023-12-11 05:35:00

古时候,历代王朝的统治者,在执政中都会将封官赐爵作为一个笼络人心的重要政治手段。爵位和官职之间存有很大的不同,官衔代表的是官员手上的实际权益,而爵位代表的是地位和工资福利,依据要求,爵位通常超越官制,也就是高过一般的官职,明朝所采用的勋爵制度也是这样的。

明朝时期的爵位制度早已相对程序化、制度化、法制化,明朝的封爵制度具有以往各朝的相同点,又产生了许多自己的特色,这种特色产生的原因和明朝独特的社会情况有极大的关系。

一、封爵两体制

(一)封爵两体制的内容:

明朝时期封爵制度采[文]用的是宗室封爵体制[章]与功臣外戚体制两种[来]体制。王和公、侯、[自]伯、子、男五等爵制[历]度分离出来,它是明[史]朝封爵制度差别于以[大]往的重大特色。

而且勋爵只有爵号和俸禄,不再有别的时期的封地,但是皇帝将赏赐“丹书铁券”来突显荣誉,以表皇恩。“丹书铁券”除了象征以外还享有免罪权利。

1、宗室封爵体制的内容

明太祖前期制订了封爵制度,制度中所开设的主要爵位是亲王、郡王、镇国将军、辅国大将,等八等爵位,这种爵位,分封对象是皇亲贵族。

不同的爵位,享有不[全]同的俸禄,亲王每一[网]年的俸禄是五万石,[文]之后被减少为一万石[章]。可是这种皇亲贵族[来]的俸禄要远超功臣外[自]戚体制下封爵的官员[历]

2、功臣外戚体制的内容

明朝的统治者为了拉拢功臣外戚,又为了避免出现异姓王独大威胁执政的局势,因此才将五等候制度开设在宗氏封爵体制以外,洪武三年六月施行谕旨,要求了五等侯的主要爵位和享有的俸禄多少。

依据要求:正一品为国公、郡公,从一品为郡侯。正、从二品为郡伯等,这种爵位沒有封地,无战功者不可分封。

在俸禄层面,公爵的[史]俸禄为两千五石到五[大]千石,侯的主要俸禄[全]一千石到一千五百石[网]等。这种爵位分成二[文]种,一种是终身制,[章]也就是不能继承,另[来]一种是可以继承的

世袭制,这二种根据[自]战功大小而定。

(二)封爵两体制的原因

1、封建统治制度的提升:

伴随着封建制度的发[历]展,国家政治中央集[史]权化程度愈来愈高,[大]到了明朝也是达到了[全]史无前例的高度,在[网]这类政治标准下统治[文]者十分担心外姓官员[章]有封地以后坐大,这[来]会大大的威胁自己的[自]执政,为了维护自己[历]君权的至上,统治者[史]决定不将土地分封给[大]外姓。

2、儒家文化的影响:

在传统的儒家文化中[全],统治者的家属才算[网]是贵族,他们理当分[文]封土地,而别人要遵[章]循传统的封建道德制[来]度,维护君王的执政[自]

3、统治者的个人原因:

明朝开国皇帝朱元璋,是真真正正的“草根创业”皇帝,他从最底层到皇帝经历了众多的坎坎坷坷,因此他会以最坏的結果来推断别人,因而他个人的性格也影响了这类制度的产生。

4、社会经济发展的影响:

到了明朝阶段,农业[历]经济与市场经济,都[史]获得一定的发展这为[大]封爵出示了物质基础[全]。过去,

有封地的侯爵通常在自己的封地中收纳赋税来作为自己的俸禄,而这时国家早已可以运用国家地方税来给他们发俸。

二、封爵和赐卷融合

明朝阶段的封爵制度逐步制度化,建立了在历史上更为健全的封爵赐券制度,明太祖将军功与授予“丹书铁券”有机地融合为一体,它是明朝为推进中央政府执政所采用的重要对策,伴随着君权的大力加强,这一制度也在产生着不同的转变,但这一制度仍然持续到明朝灭亡,对清代的封爵制度也拥有很重要的影响。

(一)封爵赐券的内容

洪武三年,朱元璋论功行赏,分公爵十人,侯爵二十人赐“丹书铁券”。在制度上要求“非战功社稷者不可封爵”。但是逐渐的出現了一些功臣,手执“丹书铁券”,作为借口破坏社会秩序的状况,朱元璋晚年时期疑神疑鬼,大张旗鼓残杀功臣,因此封爵制度遭受破坏。

永乐到嘉靖年间,这[网]一制度开展了修缮,[文]但大致方式沒有更改[章],明成祖在创建政权[来]以后依据“靖难之变[自]”论功行赏。但也出[历]現了一些不依靠战功[史]封爵的人,例如解决[大]了驸马之死,解决明[全]成祖与宁国公主兄妹[网]之仇的永新伯许成。[文]

从嘉靖阶段开始出現[章]了封爵盛行,武官难[来]封的局势,为了处理[自]这类局势,嘉靖帝针[历]对分封规范做了严苛[史]的限定,特别是在是[大]“丹书铁券”特权,[全]这时封爵制度基本判[网]定。

(二)封爵赐券的原因

1、抚恤功臣

在那时候封爵赐券是[文]一种最大的工资福利[章],统治者这样做最主[来]要的原因是抚恤功臣[自],来推进自己的执政[历]的需求,官员们将封[史]爵作为一种鼓励,这[大]类对策极大推动了他[全]们的政治积极性。

2、稳定人心

针对,朝廷中的官员而言,“丹书铁券”等于一个“护心丸”,由于得到它就可以免罪,统治者为维护自己的执政,必须用这类方式 来拉拢官员。

三、勋爵权利降低

(一)勋爵权利降低的主题思想

明朝是在我国封建制[网]度专制主义君主专制[文]制度发展的一个重要[章]阶段,这时,君权到[来]达了一个史无前例的[自]高度,变成了权利的[历]独裁者。

那时候的宗室贵族及其功臣,尽管享有诸多的权利,但与君权执政发生冲突时通常会被统治者的信念所左右,法律法规在这时失去以往原本的作用,勋爵们即便享有“丹书铁券”作为免死权利,可是他们的生命安全也无法得到保障。

在明朝后半期,封爵制度也不再依照之前的规范,经常由皇帝的意志所决定,乃至还会遭受权臣、太监的影响,明朝正德年间,太监刘瑾主持朝廷,大都督神英尽管沒有开疆拓土的贡献,可是由于以前行贿过刘瑾与他关系交好,便封号为了武功伯。明朝封爵制度中的权利与工资福利与历代王朝对比都有一定的降低,最显著的就是说不再有封地。

此外,在免死权利层[史]面也是降低,特别是[大]明朝中后期,皇帝在[全]授予“丹书铁券”的[网]同时,大幅度降低了[文]免死频次,而且尽管[章]足以免罪,可是也免[来]不了被惩罚。

朱元璋阶段曾执行“[自]禁藩”,根据这类对[历]策来处罚犯罪的勋爵[史],他在家乡凤阳,开[大]设了专门的特殊牢房[全],这里,犯人们受到[网]的待遇和别的牢房基[文]本上没什么差别。

(二)勋爵权利降低的主要原因

1、封爵制度的恶化

那时候许多官员由于[章]拥有“丹书铁券”便[来]在社会上横行无忌,[自]这严重影响了国家管[历]理,乃至蔓延到到统[史]治者的执政,为了维[大]护社会平稳,让这种[全]勋爵有一定的收敛性[网],统治者开始降低勋[文]爵手上的权益。

2、财政规定

明朝中后期,巨大的勋爵管理体系给财政产生了极为严重的负担,同时也影响到官员们针对宣决地位的憧憬,根据这类方法可以降低国家经济负担,可以让统治者区别官员的亲疏远近。实际上从根本上而言,这一特色還是为了维护统治者权益的至高无上。

总结:

明朝勋爵制度是在总[章]结历代制度的基本上[来]产生的,这类制度具[自]备自己独特的特色,[历]具备自己的时期价值[史],适合明朝阶段独特[大]的政治经济文化艺术[全]规定,有关它的产生[网]原因有许多,但从根[文]本上而言是由于统治[章]者针对提升本身权益[来]的渴求。


历史就该是这样 历史百科
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